ONLINE ASSIGNMENT-2

ASSIGNMENT

Paper:- EDU-05-8: PEDAGOGIC CONTENT KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Topic:-Development of Science in ancient medieval and modern periods

Submitted to                                                                            Submitted by,

          Smotha Miss                                                        Archanan. M

                                                                                      Bed Physical Science

                                                                                      F.M.T.C

                                                                                       Mylapore

Submitted on:

INTRODUCTION

          Power has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern science and ancient science. Power seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits seeking monetary, life – giving or glory of health, wealth and eternal life charmed many an alchemist to “the Poorhouse, Madness, or an Untimely death” (Coudert – 35), While Modern Society itself has embraced scientific development with a Similar fervor.

          Amidst many Similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stragnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17^th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.

          This will discuss differences in motives – which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17^th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL PERIOD

          The origin of science can be traced back to the old stone age when the earliest men made tools of wood, bone etc. During the new stone age men turned from hunting to agriculture. Sometime about 3000 BC smelting and casting of metals were discovered. The Sumerians used bronze and devised cuneiform signs for writing. Empirical knowledge was first systematized by the Babylonians and Egyptians. The Babylonians recorded an eclipse of the sun and Egyptians built pyramids using mathematics menstruation and surveying. The smelting of Iron was discovered by about 1400 BC. It was the Greeks that first conceived science as a body of  knowledge, logically deducible from the limited number of principle. At the time of Pythagoras, Arithmetic and geometry leaped forward. Euclid’s elements of Geometry is an important Contribution of the Greeks. The application of reasoning in Geometry was perfected by plato (427-347 BC) and his pupil Aristotle (384-322BC). Heraclides of pontus (388-312BC), a pupil of Aristotle, is notable for his discovery that day and night are caused by the earth’s rotation.

          Archimedes (287-212BC) was one of the greatest mathematicians the world has ever known, and he was also the greatest engineer of ancient times. In mechanics he developed the laws of levers  and pulleys and principles of hydro statics. After the fall of the Roman  empire the heritage of Greek Science was preserved by the Arabs. They were particularly active in the field of Medicine and Alchemy from which the word chemistry was coined.

          It was only at the end of the 11^th century that Christian scholars took active interest in science. Roger Bacon experimented with lenses and  gun power and he is said to have invented magic lantern. Leonado da Vinchi Studied Mechanics, Geology and Anatomy. Another important Contribution of the later middle ages to science was the invention of printing with movable type by John Gutenberg in 1440.  William Harvey discovered the theory of blood circulation.

          India made a pioneer headway in the field of mathematics, medicine, astronomy and agriculture till about 600 AD. The earliest available historical records indicate that chemistry was well developed in India. The excavations of Baluchistan, Sind and the Punjab have brought to hight the remains of cultural settlements that flourished four thousand years before the dawn of Christian era. They knew how of manufacture pottery of baked or burned clay as well as how to extract copper from ores and to shape the metal into useful articles. The oldest Indian Scripture, Rigveda refers to process of  extracting and purifying metals such as gold, silver, bronze and copper, preparation and tanning of leather and fermented liquors and also the healing power of medical herbs. The Sankhya theory of cosmology originated by kapila and the atomic theory by Kanada Muni that matter was composed of atoms were originated in India. Agur-Veda, one of the Upa-Vedas Consists of Six books on Surgery, nosology, anatomy , therapeutics, toxicology and supplementary, section dealing with local diseases. The character   Samhita and the Susrutha  Samhita and the Susrutha Samhita  are the two most important  documents  on  medicine and surgery of these time.

SCIENCE IN THE MODERN PERIOD

          Modern Science is based on sound methods of research and sound ideas of the nature of the physical world. The scientific movement in the modern period was initiated in the 17^th Century. Some of the land marks in the history of science in the modern period  are the ones listed below:-

·        Galileo invented telescop, discovered sunspots (1610 – 1613)

·        John Napier published his tables of logarithms (1614)

·        Willeboard snell discovered the law of refraction(1621)

·        Torricelli discovered atmospheric pressure and suggeste   how a barometer might  be constructed (1643)

·        Pascal found out that air pressure is lower at the top of a mountain than at the bottom (1646)

·        Robert Boyle investigated the relations between volume and pressure of gases (1659)

·        Robert Hooke discovered cell  (1665)

·        Antony Van Leeuwenhock discovered bacteria using a simple microscope (1675)

·        Edmund Halley observed Halley’s comet and Calculated its orbit and period (1682)

·        Newton’s laws of gravitation  (1687)

·        Gabriel Fahren heit devised thermometer Scale called Fahrenheit (1714)

·        James Bradley discovered the aberration of light (1727)

·        A Celsius devised the first centigrade scale for thermometer (1742)

·        William Watson discovered the mercury vapourlamp(1751)

·        Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor (1752)

·        Carl Linnacus proposed a system of naming plants and animals (1753)

·        Joseph priestly discovered Oxygen (1755) (but announced in 1774)

·        A. Von Haller first recognized the thyroid, thymus and ductless gland(1766)

·        Joseph priestly discovered laughing gas(nitrous oxide) (1776)

·        William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus  (1781)

·        James Watt  introduced the horse power as the Unit of Work (1783)

·        M.H. Klaproth discovered Uranium (1789)

·        Alessandro Votta Constructed the first Vottaic cell (1793)

·        Edward Jenner invented Vaccination against smallpox (1796)

·        Thommas Northmore Liquified Chlorine (1805)

·        G.S. ohm announced ohm’s law (1827)

·        Michacl Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)

·        T.Schwann Propounded his cell theory (1839)

·        Louis Pasteur discovered anaerobis organisms (1861)

·        Claud Bernad  discovered that the liver manufactures and store glycogen (1861)

·        Gregoe   Mendel published law of heredity (1865)

·        Joseph Lister used carbolic acid as antiseptic (1867)

·        D.J.Mendeleev improved periodic table (1871)

·        Robert Koch discovered tuberculosis bacillus (1882)

·        Louis Pasteur developed Vaccine for Rabbies (1885)

·        Wilhen Rontgen discovered X-rays (1895)

·        Henry Becquerrel discovered radio activity (1896)

·        Sir Ronald Ross Worked out life history of malarud parasite (1897-98)

·        Maric curie and Piere Curie discovered radium (1901)

·        Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright invented aeroplane (1903)

·        F. Stolz Synthesised adrenalin (1904)

·        E. Rutherford discovered alpha particles (1906)

·        Einstein published his theory of relativity (1915)

·        F.G.Banting and C.H.Best developed Insulin (1922)

·        Sir Alexander Flemming discovered antibiotic (1928)

·        Jonas Salk perfected polio Vaccine (1952)

·        Watson & Crick discovered the structure of the DNA (1953)

·        Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth in the artificial Satellite (1961)

·        Khorana Synthesised ‘Artificial genes’ in the laboratory (1970)

·        Karl Von Frisck studied the dance of honeybees for communication(1973)

·        Casar Milstein discovered Monoclonal antibodies (1975)

·        Donald Johanson discovered ‘Lucy’ a four million year old hominid fossil (1977)

·        Klaus Von Kiltzing discovered Quantum half effect (1977)

·        First Test tube baby born (1978)

·        First Manned, reusable space craft Columbia launched (1982)

·        Barbara Mc Clintock discovered Jumping Gems (1983)

·        Invented CF for Sound recording (1983)

·        Robert Gllo (USA) and Louis Montagnier (France) discovered AIDS Virus (1983)

·        Alec Jeffreys, Wilson and Thien developed DNA Finger printing Technique (1986)

·        Ian Shelton discovered the first supernova since 1604 in our galaxy (1987)

·        Kary mullins developed in vitro gene cloning (1988)

·        Human genome project (started in 1988) to map 3 billion genetic base paris in the human gene (1994)

·        Pru singer discovered ‘prions’- a class of infectious protein particles nearly 100 times smaller than the smallest virus (1997)

CONCLUSION

     In conclusion, ancient and modern suence   parted ways with the dawn of 17^th century rationalism and the Renaissance. Significant changes in the power structures of the prevailing Society led to an upheaval of the medival status quo which, in turn, led to revolutionary reform into only the sciences but in acadamia   in general, as well as in politics, religion and Social organization.

     How ever, it was in fact the Culmination of the Renaissance and 17^th Century ideals which largely the power motives of knowledge accessibility, philosophical and ideological trends, and the relation ship of science with church.

REFERENCES

1.     Dr. K. Sivarajan & Prof. A Faziluddin(2006)

Methodology of Teaching and Pedagogic analysis, Central Co-operative stores Ltd. No. 4347 P.O Calicut University.

2.      https://www,goshen.edu/bio/Bio/410/bss paper 96/Witmer.html#anchor 37893.